தனிநாயக அடிகள்
தEN
தமிழாய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளும் நூலியலும்·ஆய்வு நூலியல்களும் வழிகாட்டிகளும்·1964·வாசிக்க

அந்தாவோ தெ புரோஎன்சாவின் தமிழ்–போர்த்துகீச அகராதி, 1679

அருள்திரு. முனைவர் சேவியர் தனிநாயகம் அடிகள்

நூலியல் பதிவு

Xavier S. Thani Nayagam, “Antao De Proenca’s Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary, 1679,” Tamil Culture, தொகுதி XI எண் 2 (ஏப்.–சூன் 1964), பக். 117–127; Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr. மற்றும் தனிநாயகம் அடிகளாரின் முன்னுரை ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்பு (பக். 128–134); Knowlton இன் துணைக் கட்டுரை “Vocabulario Tamulico Lusitano: Indo-Portuguese Elements” (பக். 135–163).

வாசிப்பு

உரை content/books/antao-de-proenca-dictionary.md இலிருந்து வருகிறது (IA இலைகள் 4091–4137). சொல்லகராதியில் தமிழ் எழுத்துகளுக்கும் ஐயத்திற்குரிய போர்த்துகீச எழுத்துருக்களுக்கும் படிமப் பார்வையை விரும்புக. தனிநாயகத்தின் அறிமுகமும் முன்னுரை மொழிபெயர்ப்பும் Collected Papers இலும் உள்ளன; நோல்டனின் சொல்லகராதிக் கட்டுரை இத்தொகுப்பில் மட்டுமே.

Antao De Proenca’s Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary, 1679

Re-OCR’d from Internet Archive page images (Tamil Culture, Vol. XI No. 2, Apr.–Jun. 1964). Includes Thani Nayagam’s introduction (pp. 117–127; IA 4091–4101), the Knowlton / Thani Nayagam English translation of Proença’s preface (pp. 128–134; IA 4102–4108), and Edgar C. Knowlton’s companion article on Indo-Portuguese elements (pp. 135–163; IA 4109–4137). Hyphenation rejoined; obvious character errors corrected. Tamil headwords in the Knowlton glossary still need the scan.

Contents

  1. Antao De Proenca’s Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary, 1679 (Introduction)
  2. Preface to the Tamil–Portuguese Dictionary, 1679 (translation)
  3. Antao de Proença’s Vocabulario Tamulico Lusitano: Indo-Portuguese Elements (Knowlton)

Antao De Proenca’s Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary, 1679

Xavier S. Thani Nayagam · Tamil Culture, Vol. XI No. 2 (1964), pp. 117–127 · An Introduction

  1. The first Tamil dictionary to be printed, in all likelihood, is the Tamil-Portuguese dictionary, compiled by the Jesuit Antao de Proenca who died in the Ramnad District of Southern India in the year 1666 at the comparatively early age of 42. He was born at Ramella in Portugal in 1625, entered the Society in 1643, and went to the Madura Mission in 1647. Earlier missionaries speak of Tamil-Portuguese dictionaries which they had compiled and hoped to see in print, but as far as evidence goes, none of those earlier dictionaries seems to have been printed.

  2. Henrique Henriquez, s.J., (1520-1600) in his letter dated 27th January, 1552 speaks of a Tamil-Portuguese dictionary compiled by him which he hoped to augment later.* Though copies of three of his works have now been traced, no trace has been found of his dictionary, nor do later writers make any reference to any printed dictionary of his as they do to his other printed works, the Doctrina Christam, and the Flos Sanctorum. ‘Though his manuscript grammar was traced in the National Library in Lisbon, his Mss, vocabulary has not been found.t ‘The title page of Proenca’s dictionary reads ;

VOCABVLARIO | TAMVLICO ; COM A SIGNIFICACAM PORTVG

VEZA. | COMPOSTO PELLO P. ANTAM DE PROENCA | DA COM.

PANHIA DE IESV ) MISSIONARIO DA MISSAM DE MADVREY |

Com todas us licencas necessarias da santa Inquizicao | E dos Superiores |

Na imprensa ‘Tamulica da Provincia do Malabur , por Ignacio |

Aichamoni impressor della, Ambalacatta em 30, de Julho, | 1679 annos,

Counting from the title page, there are altogether 541 pages.

  1. Ignacio Bruno (1576-1659), an Italian Jesuit who worked over thirty years on the Southern coast of India, and in the kingdom of Jaffna, compiled a dictionary which contained several words also of the poetic language as well as words from the Jaffna and the pearl fishery coast dialects. Manuscript copies of his dictionaries were very popular among the missionaries. The work scems to have been of considerable merit since Proenca refers to it in his preface as a work of vast endeavour and a work deserving of everlasting remembrance. Among its merits was that i

WICKI JOSEPH, Documenta Indica, Vol. Il, Document 64, 16. Rome, 1960—in series Monuments, Historica Societatis Iesa.

  • See THANI NAYAGAM, XAVIER S., The First Books printed in Tamil, in Tamil Culture, Vol. VII, (1958) pp. 288-308.

it contained many words current in poetic usage, as well as words in colloquial usage within the kingdom of Jaffna.t

  1. Proenca’s dictionary was published posthumously by the Jesuit press in Ambalacat on 30th July, 1679, thirteen years after the death of the compiler, It seems obvious that the Dictionary was published in this particular year in order to celebrate the centenary of the publication of the first substantial book in Tamil, the translation of the catechism of Marcos Jorge. which was also the first work to be undertaken by the newly established ‘Tamil Press in Malabar. A booklet of 16 pages was printed in 1578 in Quilon, but it was not important enough to serve as a landmark.

Copies of Proenca’s dictionary seem to have been available in the last century in India itself. The present writer found in 1954 a copy of this dictionary in the Vatican Library, a copy which originally belonged to the Library of the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide, The editors of the Madras Tamil Lexicon were unable to trace a copy, and though mentioning this work, had no possibility of utilising it in the composition of the lexicon.

  1. VProenca’s introduction is of very great interest to the historian of Tamil lexicography, and is therefore given as an appendix to this article. ‘The compiler was far from feeling that he was undertaking a definitive work in Tamil-Portuguese lexicography. He was aware of his limitations, since he had begun the study of Tami] only in 1653, that is, thirteen years before his death, and having not had the opportunity to work in places like Tuticorin and Jaffna, where local usages were many and of particular interest to Catholic missionaries since these places had flourishing Catholic communities.

  2. The dictionary was revised by other missionaries. The Censors who went through the work prior to publication are said to have been familiar with the Tamil language and worked in the Tamil districts for soveral years. Those who revised the Dictionary are said to be Fathers Anthony Pereira, Velerian Cataneo, John de Maya and “other missionaries “.*

  3. The method followed by Proenca, in his compilation of the Dictionary, are stated by him in his introduction. He collected the words from all previous manuscript dictionaries, presumably Tamil-Latin and ‘Tamil-Portuguese. To these he added other words found by analysing the works of Robert de Nobili (A. 1620) and Manuel Martins (A. 1634). He en ne ani mea So a

  • Brief sketches of the litera w issi i hed in PERERA, S.C. The Jeauile in Ceylon, Nota Pisionaries, may. be »: — D. The Jesuits in Malabar, Vol. Y. Bangalore City, 1939, pp. Ey ee of Madras, 1936. Introduction pe yer a Non Teese £4. Translated by the Rev. L. Cardon, 8 31

“"TAMIL-PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY, 1679 119 read also many books written by the natives, elucidated meanings by consulting natives learned in Tamil, and added words collected by conversing with them in Tamil.

He deliberately included in his dictionary only a limited number of words pertaining to literary Tamil but many words of colloquial Tamil. including words peculiar to the usage popular among “ inferior” social classes and the rural population. The words peculiar to the Jaffna kingdom. he was able to collect from the manuscript dictionary of Ignacio Bruno, and the words peculiar to the pearl fishery coast of South India, he collected by analysing the work Flos Sanctorum of Henriquez which abounded in the dialectal peculiarities of that area.

  1. For words of more standardised usage, he relied on the purity of the Janguage as spoken in the Pandyan kingdom and in the Marawa country. Since Brahmin usage was considered respectable by the society with which he came in contact, he included words used by them and the pronunciation affected by them. But he did not include many words of poetic usage since these could be learned by those who desired greater proficiency or wished to compose poetry, from the manuscript dictionaries of poetic usage or “ high” Tamil. Proenca’s was a more practical approach, to provide a handy dictionary to Portuguese missionaries learning Tamil for purposes of ordinary, evangelical ministration. A difficulty in giving precise meanings to words was, says Proenca, not only his insufficient knowledge of the Janguage but also the conflicting opinions among natives regarding meanings of specific words.

  2. Proenca did not choose the easier way of transliterating Tamil words into Roman, but he did follow to a certain extent the order of the Roman alphabet in listing his Tamil words, partly for easier reference hy the foreign missionaries, and partly since one Tamil grapheme might stand for a plural number of Jatin ae expressed in Portuguese pronunciation, eg. # as in srw (#7) might stand for !ca, | cha. | ja. | In these instances of plural phonemic valud given to one Tamil grapheme, the dictionary designates which of the corresponding Portuguese phonemes ig the equivalent. Portugueso phones corresponding to the Tamil ones had been noted by Portuguese speakers since the beginning of the 16th century. and therefore it is not surprising that Proenca reaches a fair measure of accuracy regarding tongue position in the pronunciation of phonemes peculiar to Tamil. (See preface)

1.0 Proenca’s introduction enumerates the Tamil symbols and gives the Roman letter or syllable which corresponds to the Tamil sounds. The author points out the manner in which Tamil sounds unfamiliar to Europeans are produced, the location of the tongue with regard to the palate for the retroflex J, d and the alveolar land n. He notes there are no distinctive symbols for the long ¢ (7) and the long 0. (sp)

1.1 The movement to preserve Tamil sounds and Tamil words free of Sanskritic influence is not a movement born in the present century, but hag been a trend throughout the history of Tamil Nad’s contact with Sanskrit. ‘There is evidence for the 17th century from Proenca’s reference

to purists or pure Tamils (os Tamuls puros) who avoid the vocabulary and the phonology of Granta. He also provides evidence for the same century of the trend towards Sanskritisation among learned Tamils who affected imitation of Brahmin diction and Brahmin enunciation.

1.2 There are altogether 16,546 separate main entries against which meanings are given in Portuguese words. What some lexicographers might not treat as separate entries, Proenca does. Words which are given as subsidiary entries under one main entry, have not been counted as separate entries. f

Therefore the total of nominal, verbal, participial, adjectival and compound forms and idioms in the dictionary, if counted single and separately, would make a total vocabulary much larger than the figure 16,546.

18 The number of entries under letters corresponding to the Tamil vowels and consonants are as follows with the corresponding pagination. The order given below is the alphabetical order followed in the Dictionary, and the pagination is the one introduced by considering the title page a3 page 1. Pages 1 to 8 contain the title page, the approval of the Censors, of the Jesuit Provincial, and of the Supreme Tribunal of the Holy Inquisition, Goa. Pages 9 to 19 contain the Introduction.

LETTERS PAGES MAIN ENTRIES oS A 20— 68 1888 % A 68 — 15 867 u B 75 — 19 114 Cc 719 — 80 25 sb D 80 — 84 168 or E 84— 96 408 s G 96 — 99 69 a I 99 — 116 530 I 16 — 117 62 aw ¥Y 117 — 192 59 I 122 — 195 108 bd L 125 — 198 89 » M 128 — 170 1280 sb N 170 — 197 869 o - 197 — 198 7 E 0) 200 — 208 306 6 208 — 275 2125 « Q 9715 — 850 2888 & 850 — 856 115 2 > 29 Ss 856 — 867 874 T 867 — 414 SW 414 — 435 yo — 685

LETTERS PAGES MAIN ENTRIES a Vv 485 — 488 1499 € x 488 — 541 1866 16546

1.4 The words are listed under each Tamil and Portuguese as given above. But under the particular letter, the Portuguese alphabetical order is found. Thus under A, words-with ab sounds come first, then ach sound initials, then ag, al, am initials etc.

15 As a sample of early Tamil typography this dictionary is inferior to the-Flos Sanctorum of 1584. The type is not as clear and the quality of the paper gives it a smudgy appearance; the paper is very transparent. Photostats obtained from a microfilm have not been as clear or as easy to read as those obtained from a microfilm of the Flos Sanctorum. The Tamil portions were engraved on wooden blocks while the Tortuguese wus printed in movable tvpe. The wooden blocks al worn oul by use,

1.6 The dictionary was printed in the press set up by the Jesuit Fathers at the College Madre de Deus, in Ambelacat, Malabar, now Kerala. The printer was a native Indian, Ignacio Aichamoni probably Accamani, .¢srweef. The press is called the Tamil Press of the Province of Malabar—‘‘Na imprensa Tamulica da Provincia do Malabar, por Ignacio Aichamani impressor della, Ambalacatta em 30. de Lulho 1679 annos”. There appears to have been a separate press for Syriac and Malayalam at Vaipicota.

1.7 The orthography of the dictionary represents the Tamil and Portuguese orthography of the seventeenth century. The consonants have no pulli or dot; the r has no elongation and looks liks 7; the long e and © are not distinct from the short e and o; the double looped kombu has not been introduced; the cacuminal r has only one loop instead of the double loop as at present. The orthography is substantially of the same pattern as that used in the Tamil books printed a hundred years earlier in the sixteenth century. The orthographic reforms introduced by BHeschi were yet to come about fifty years later.

The spelling varies, and the compiler and the sources which he used, seem io have been dependent to a large extent on reproducing sounds as heard in the speech of rural districts. Therefore there are several examples of substitution of ¢ for m, and er and sr or vice versa, and of violations of the rules of sandhi.

1.8 Note on the Portuguese orthography, hy Prof. Edgar C. Knowlton.

If we compare Proenca's spelling with Portuguese orthography as presented by Ecwin B. Williams, From Latin to Portuguese (2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1962), pp. 19-28, we see & number of features particularly mentioned by Williams, and others as well. Chronologically, Proenca comes in the “ etymological period”, but in general words are spelled in

accordance with their sound rather than in accordance with real or supposed Greek or Latin etyma. Common sense characterizes Proenca’s orthography, which is fairly consistent, and free from exaggeration.

The use of a long f-like s, the appearance of the til over the second vowel of a diphthong (for which occasionally two accents or a diseresis may be found), and the introduction of numerous T.atin words are features especially noteworthy.

Examples of Proenca’s spelling differing from modern Portuguese new orthography which illustrate features dealt with by Williams are as follows : : ;

(A) Confusion of Graphs (Williams, pp. 20-21) 1. Use of qu for ¢ or ¢ for qu quoalho (426) as well as coalho (426) for coalho. 2. Confusion of i, y, and j cysne (37) for cisne, ianeiro (258) for janciro, iornal (346) for jornal, meyo (888) for meio, 3. Confusion of u and v pouoacao (46) for povoacao, vza (211) for usa, chaue (409) for chave, insensiuel for insensivel and reuerencia for reverencia on sample page. 4. Confusion of m, n, and til or diaeresis gran (45) for grao, dize (45) for dizem, hu (47) for um. birreto (52) for birrento, co for com on sainple page. (B) The Use of A (Williams, pp. 21-24) 1, Use of h before initial vowels: hum (24) for um, he for e on sample page, 2. Other examples of h athe (114) and a@ the (114) for ate (C) The Use of Double Consonants (Williams, pp. 25-26) aquillo (22) for aquilo, estrella (62) for estrela, applicado (119) for aplicado but aplica (180) for aplica, collo (126) for colo, capello (171) for eapelo, delle (211) for dele, peccados (217) for pecados. sacrifficio (363) fo sacrificio. Further interesting graphic features include : (D) Interchange of Graphs 1, Use of z for g indulzencia (45) for indulgencia, found also as indulgencia (47). sd Use of « for z and z for s pezo (112) for peso, disem (126) for dizem, Cosinha (142) for cozinha, bueina (160) for buzina, vza (211) for usa, arais (472) for a raiz,

  1. Use of s for c, ss for ¢

serta (46) for certa, sincouenia (192) for cincocnta, sinco (426) for cinco, passo for paco on sample page.

  1. Use of g for j

sogeito for sujeito on sample page. 5. Use of r for rr guera (64) for guerra. 6. Division and Non-division of Words athe and a the (114) for ate; a inda (331) for ainda, denoite (352) for de noite; de pois (373) for depois; arais (472) for a raiz.

  1. Metathesis or Shift of Position of r

perterito (211) for preterito; treceira (457) for terceira.

8, Examples of Non-Standard Spelling of Vowel or Diphthong

may (41) for mae, Aonerijico (62) for honorificu; friuta

(146) for fruta, pera (192) para, oitubro (309) for outubro,

doirado (338) for dourado, sogeito for sujeito on sample page.

9, Use of Til in Abbreviation

q (128, 334) for que.

This list makes no attempt at completeness. It perhaps should be said that some of these spellings as well as those which are transliterations of ‘Tamil words could be studied for the light they might shed on details of seventeenth-century Indo-Portuguese.

1.9 Here is the reprint in modern type of a page of the Dictionary, page 74 in our numbering. Entries are in double column. 9e2p gi —Desejir. (To desire) .% #e7 er er —Proximo, presente, assistente. (Next, present, in at- 4965 05—0 desejar (The desir- tendance}. in, 8) gerer—Quod geedwer mestre. <a—Vaca. (Cow) (Because) (master) Ax. <7 er—Veneracao. (Veneration) «58—Tumba, ou charola dos defuntos. (Tomb, or litter for grortr—Quod @eareruo—vt the dead) supra. (Because) (as above) <p forw —Assento aliquando tras- <gedwer—Quod. —peedwer meseiro, modeste (Seat Sometimes tre. (Master) (Because) rump modestly) , «gepu—C. de sogeito. (T)hing of << #07 er w—Presenca, assistencia, a subject, (Presence, attendance). 7 yrpurprew—Sogeito. (Subject)

er puu—jdem. The Same weeta@p g—Celebrar, guarder os costumes, ou festas, item tratar co erUr ew—Desejo, quasi (Desire, cortesia, honrar. (To celebrates as it were) preserve customs, or feasts /ikedesiderij vnio. (Unity of wise to treat with courtesy, to desire) honour) PT pero—Quod .arerserw 4e26ma4—0 tal celebrar. (Because) (Such celebrating) @¢r76@mp—Falta moral —@*74—Carpenter (moral fault (lack) : erfwer——Quod »serhtwer e707 w—Costume politico, ou poli- (which) cia, Com que se trata, item porta Oe gerw—Idem: subst. ou templo, item cortesia, co (The same: subst (antive). uen gp ® p g fazer cortesia, reuerencia. —wfees—C. desejada. (Desired (Political custom, or policy, with t(hing), which one deals, /ikewise gate, or temple, /:ksewise courtesy, with <% #1 4ug@9—Falta moral (mora ues gySpg to make a bow, fault (lack), reverence. <e77a7ee@—Porta principal do passo (Principal gate of the pas- @edee—C. que celebrou, ou celeb- sage/palace) rada, festejada. (Thing) which took place, or was ‘celebrated, ¢r7er—H, bem acostumado, polifeasted over.) tico cortczao. M(an) well accustomed, politician, courtier. tu9 «© p gi—Fazer celebrar, & c. (To cause to celebrate, etc.) me Desejo, co u@@pg descjar (Desire, with To Desire) <4 fut) —Celcbridade (Celebration) <%9#ser—C, insensiuel, que naon- 4862 9—C, que celebra. (Thing) ne viuente, como pao, & c. (Inswhich celebrates) ensible t(hing) which is not living, like wood, etc. — words translated are underlined in the English Translation. Compare with photographic reproduction of this page to note the Orthographic peculiarities of the period —« for g. @ for G, absence of pulli etc,

2.0 The following 113 words are a random sampling from the 44 pages which contain the 1383 entries beginning with the short ‘A’. They are reproduced in modern orthography. The spelling also indicates that the compiler has had to rely sometimes exclusively on the spoken language of people in the Coastal districts. The numbers within brackets indicate the page in the serial numbering D7 a (24) HUST gy ser Mar (43) svar (25) syuIGww (43) ANSbuy wert (25) yuGewb (43) TC) (26) yu G@ Bar (43) airy tb (26) ayoub (43) HNOEGWM (29) Asuuer (43) S68 (29) og hued (43) SOT tb (30) gyturue (43) pear (30) quuréshwer (43) MpDusist ons sr (30) gydures (44) BUT... ROAD H (32) gy Gorid (44) gourds (33) HOI pwd (44) Hibuaw (33) gyUGpurefés (44) gqbulim (34) gy (44) TT: (34) ap fleuren (48) aby é (34) yf (48) Sbweir (34) Gor bs (48) Sy tb ip swsr tb 84) 1G MsEOewbp a (48) Sy tdi (35) iby (49) Stbwon Bar (35) G58 (49) HD (35) sam (49) MDE ; (35) gyn (49) Ahsan (35) sper (49) Mt fb BT td (36) Sp Uses (49) HOD (36) sjpGa (50) are (36) a iDureaw (50) 18m ou tb (37) ay Déms (60) 4 it Barr (37) S| Deura (50) MATL wir sir (87) oH Dedcy (50) AD Sruw (39) aDuA (51) DUS Bio (37) yu Pourgs (57) AMua id ; (37) sgieer (52) ADIGUST 4 ove th (39) HOYT CHT over (52) soar 40) gap (62) AT BEE (40) gy Bp (62) sierr ey sf (40) jo pido (52) pestis (41) yu busir (62) Ole (42) yt Gus (53) AGELESS} 41) gmLasww (54) HET (41) Hor Carter (54) pic hehe . (42) ye (55) Am wefluse a (42) HQSS (55) Heese (42) tie (56) AwEry . (43) HUY (58)

NOSaSr (56) _ yeGeoured (60) SOU Sor arid (56) Hear (61) SHY BH GF th 67) Hey (61) ASS (67) ger pub (61) HSS OT (87) aoe Hk (62) MSHvog (57) gjaeus (62) au shy (57) gar Goh (62) Se Brel (68) =sgyager (63) HOI BT gy wd (58) jag (63) aug (58) jig th (63) HU poisms (58) pager nGwarb (63) RBS (69) The above sampling of words indicate that the dictionary is valuable to several branches of Tamil Studies related to the seventeenth century.

Proencas dictionary is the great landmark for the 17th century. This dictionary was followed in the 18th century by the manuscript dictionary of ‘Father Bourges, 8.J., and the manuscript dictionaries of Joseph Constantine Beschi, the Sathur Akarati in Tamil, and the Vulgaris Tamulicae linguae dictionarium Tamulico-Latinum which contains 8541 main entries and 10,628 subsidiary entries, a tolal of 19,16 words and idioms. This dictionary is an excellent collection of colloquial Tamil words, phrases and idioms and contains several references to dialectical peculiarities of different regions of the ‘Tamil Country.

The printing press in Tranquebar offered to print Beschi's colloquial dictionary, but for some reason did not do so. The dictionary was not printed until, 1882. John Philip Fabricius and John Christopher Breithaupt published in 1779 their dictionary: “A Malabar and English Dictionary wherein the words and phrases of the Tamulian language, commonly called by Europeans the Malabar language are explained in English”, (pp, 185). It contained 9000 main entries. This was enlarged to 37,000 entries by Rottler, and to 67,000 entries by Winslow, both of whom referred to Fabricius Dictionary as the “old dictionary " “4 Dictionary of the English and Malabar languages” of 280 pages followed in 1786.¢ een

  • LEHMANN ARNO. It Began in Tranqueber, Christian Literature Society, Bombay, 1956, page 160.

Preface to the Tamil–Portuguese Dictionary, 1679

Translation by Edgar C. Knowlton Jr. and Xavier S. Thani Nayagam · Tamil Culture, Vol. XI No. 2 (1964), pp. 128–134

Dedicated to the Fathers Preachers of the Gospel, who speak to Tamilians, by Fr. Antao de Proenca, of the Company of Jesus, Missionary of the Mission of Madura.

To the Pious and Zealous Reader :

I undertake the work, which all those wish to see published, who, inspired by zeal for the salvation of souls, apply themselves to the study of the Tamil language, without which little or no apostolate can be achieved in the various Kingdoms of this East, where it is current. And in as much as the vocabulary of a language is the primary help in knowing it, all wish to have one of the Tamil language, and many have even attempted to compile one. With the special desire to encompass the rich abundance of this language, and also to satisfy the wish of many and to serve all, I have made up my mind to begin this work, which I hope with God’s favour to see completed in some way or other. This work will be more complete than other dictionaries, more precise as regards the equivalents of the words and their definitions and purer in the choice of words.

I promise to list a greater number of words, because of additions to those found in other vocabularies, principally in the one composed with tireless endeavour in the course of more than thirty years by Fr. Ignacio Bruno (who later twice governed this Province). This I have read over and over again despite its vastness,—a work that would deserve everlasting remembrance even if either the Portuguese or the Tamil language were native to the author. In addition to including the words of this vocabulary, in comparison with which some others in circulation (and I have seen them ulso) ave like pools compared to the sea, I have entered all those found in the works of Fr. Robert Nobili and of Fr. Manuel Martins, books through which we, who work in this mission, learn the best speech. For this — 1 have also read many books of the natives ; finally, I have added me mage = ss acquired or am acquiring by talking and dealing

nanves. Because of taking them from books, I promise more exact equivalents, for herein can be seen better their vigour and force ; iowa ail gaan T have profited by consulting with learned men. F purity of the words because I am writi thi i Fegan — ad ~ best chosen and purest; aca aay tas rom i i only well-chosen words, which —Enoe spi Ulepplinotence sation, y sort of serious conver-

But I caution that I do not promise such a copious vocabulary as to exhaust the Tamil language (since the books in prose, wherefrom alone one can take those words which serve for practical use, are so rare). Only by the study and labour of many years and by many research-workers can they be completely included. Neither do I promise such precision ot meaning as to eliminate the need for maturer consideration, for as regards many words, it is very difficult to give the exact meaning, and only one very well versed in both languages can do it well; and I, having started this vocabulary in the very firat year when I began to learn the language, which was in 1963, do not even to-day have such a fund of knowledge of Tamil as to be able to give definite decisions about ell the words, especially when after consulting the natives themselves, I have found them in disagreement and with conflicting opinions. I do not doubt that there will be found here many words, the meaning of which will have to be changed or made clearer later on. Regarding the purity and dignity of the words (pureza e alteza de palavras), I well understand that it would be better to include both high and low, pure and corrupt, in accordance with the usage of the various classes of people, so as thus to meet better the range of the langvage, with particular indication of words used by humble and rural people, and those current only on the Coast* and in the Kingdom of Jaffanapatam, especially since this vocabulary is intended for the use of priests in that Kingdom and on the Coast. But in as much as to include words current only in those places would require a few years of residence there, I leave this research for another occasion. Nevertheless, I shall include those I can collect from the Flos Sanctorum printed on the Fishery Coast and from the vocabulary of Fr. Ignacio Bruno prepared in Jaffanapatam, and finally those which are current in this Kingdom of Madura among the lower classes, as far as I have been able to collect them. I shall leave out also poetic words (of which the vocabulary of Fr. Ignacio Bruno is full) because they are useless for practical purposes or for prose, and the Tamil poets have their own vocabularies for them. in which those who are interested and might wish to compose verses may find them. But I include many Sanskritie words, both for the sake of those who read the books of Fr. Robert (Nobili) in which they are numerous, and also because they commonly occur in the ordinary conversation of the Brahmins, whose language is more clevated, and whom TTamilians, who consider themselves learned and wish to speak seriously and with care, try to imitate. All these varieties of words we shall differentiate by their signs. Order followed in this vocabulary ] thought of writing this entire work in Portuguese characters, inserting the Tamil ones wherever ours cannot indicate the sounds. It seemed to me that by using the former, I would facilitate reading and looking up words, and by using the latter I would further correctness of pronunciation, convincing myself that thereby it would be more pleasing chiefly to those _ who do not wish to take a little trouble to learn to read Tamil characters. is * Coast is the Pearly Fishery Coast, or the South Eastern Coast of South India.

But as I would in this way be yielding to the lazy and would not be encouraging the interest of those who wish to know how to write any words with the correct letters, I did not give in to these thoughts. Moreover, for those who will be reading Tamil books only, this method will prove useful. But I neither fully rejected nor altogether adopted this idea, because while writing everything in Tamil characters I follow the order of the corresponding letters of the Portuguese alphabet, and so, although the letters are Tamil, the (order of) arrangement is Portuguese. The first reason that prompted me to follow this order was the ease it afforded in looking up words, because vocabularies arranged in alphabetical order were devised so that words looked for might more easily be found. And the better arrangement the vocabulary hes, the easier it is to achieve its purpose. It seems evident that the order which I follow will aid in the searching for words; since I am preparing this vocabulary only for priests, it is clear that in as much they know by heart and ‘as natural (to them) the Portuguese alphabet and the Latin, it will be easier for them to look up the words in the order of their own alphabet, thereby dispensing with the need of committing to memory the Tamil alphabet and the order of its letters so perplexing and contrary to our own with the variety of n’s, r’s and I's (the knowledge of the value of each of them being enough). Against this reason there is one instance, namely, that the other vocabularies, even when written for Latins, always follow the order of the alphabet of the language in which they are written, as can be seen in Greek or Hebrew ; wherefor it would scem better that, following the example of the others I should not leave the natural order demanded by the language and characters in which I write, just tu avoid a little work in learning by heart a foreign alphabet, which those who want to use the Greek or Hebrew vocabulary do study. And all the more 8o, because by continually searching, the order of the Tamil letters will easily become familiar, and this having been attained, there will not be any difficulty in looking up words. To this question, which I confess made me waver many times, I reply that in the other alphabets there are not the perplexity and variety of letters, so contrary and barbarous to our pronunciation, as there are in Tamil (as we shall see in the second reason) ; therefore, I have decided not to follow the example of the others. As for my deviating from the natural Tamil order, I answer that I am not writing this for Tamilians, but for the Portuguese, for whom the natural order is the one that I follow, all the more since the order which is most natural for the vocabulary is the one that is easiest.

The second reason that prompted me to follow this order is the variety and barbarity of the letters of the Tamilians, who for want of enough nora an g several pronunciations for the same letter, as one may see

e letter, i : ie 06, Heme wes bp oe ee Seckaiee sank this letter, you can well see the confusion that would arise regarding Pronunciation, which is avoided by placing the words that are to be Pronounced as cha under our C; those that will be pronounced und our X, etc. All the above may be seen i Ae “a

in the word &rw* which can be 0 ea eaeeeeeeenaeteaiavnhoreenees

read in four ways, i.e. churam, xuram, juram and suram; the first two pronunciations mean nothing, the third name “fever”, and the fourth “voice”. The same is seen in the letters s, s, WU for the word sruub may be read as cayam or gayam, the first meaning “ body” and the second “wound”. The word genr@ may be read as tandu or dandu, the first meaning “stalk” and the second “army”. The word u7mgs may be read padey or badey; the first means “road”, the second “ torment”. One sees at a glance that to teach in order to distinguish these various ways ‘of pronouncing the letters, the method I use should be adopted.

_ But this second reason also has one thing against it, namely, that the * division indicated above is all right for those who know the correct pronunciation ; those who know that it is pronounced x will look up the word under X, and what is pronounced / will be looked for under L, etc. But those who read books and come upon a word beginning with any of the aforesaid letters and do“not know their value, e.g. whether » is xa or cha, whether % is ¢ or d, and so forth, will have to search under all these letters in the vocabulary in order to discover the meaning of the word in question. It is clear that this impedes facility in searching. It would be easier to put in one place all the words according to the Tamil order, with special dots, or signs to meet the confusion and variety of pronunciation. We answer that if we wished to differentiate these letters by new signs, it would amount to forming new characters, and so for the letter « alone, which has four different pronunciations, we should need to insert four kinds of dots, lines, or other signs, in addition to some general ones, about which we shall explain later on. To avoid confusion in searching, we shal! put all words beginning with # under our X, because this is the most universal pronunciation, and shall refer to their respective places those which should be pronounced as & or j or ch; those that begin with @ we shail put under the letter, Q for reasons which we shall state in that place; those beginning with % under 7; those beginning with u under P, referring to G, D and B, those words having such-pronunciation ; thus, while providing ease in looking up the words, without the confusion of so many signs, the words remain separated in their respective places. Let not anyone say to me that this implies many references and repetitions, for it is better to repeat than to perplex, and better to find one word in two places rather than not to know its correct pronounciation, all the more so since the definition, phrase, and erudition, which in many instances are inserted, are not repeated but are referred to the proper place; moreover, not all words need be repeated, but only the principal ones, which ere listed in their correct places accompanied by their derivatives. Besides this, what words are placed under the letters C, S, I, (J), B, and D, are so few that their repetition under

the letters X, Q, T and P does not take up much more space.

Concerning the form, value, and pronunciation of the Tamil characters VOWELS a & Oo me 7 BB HM a a i i ou wu e6 ay oO au

Explanation of these vowels presents no difficulty, because they correspond to ours, but have as their peculiarity the differentiation between long and short values, especially as regards the vowels a and i, and u; with e and o the same figure is used for the long and the short values. The language also has the diphthong ay formed from short a and i, although the sound tends more toward the e than the a. And the characters gp and gar are seldom used, because there are few words which begin with these diphthongs; moreover, these diphthongs sssuszne other forms when they occur in the middle of a word, as we shall soon sce; gs is made up of short a and x, but it is not so common as the first diphthong even in the medial position. When the diphthong does occur, in writing it they use another form, as is also the caso with 97 in the initial position. All the characters of the vowels mentioned above are not used except at the beginning of the word, when it begins with a vowel; for the medial vowels we have signs and distinctions, which we shall explain later.

CONSONANTS Sse Oh t- wr sg Fuww FT VU p wT YP OF q ch nh nhtnPmMmy fF F ¥ id it sea The letter « corresponds to our g or c. Sometimes it is used as g, especially when it is written singly in the middle of a word.

. The pronunciation of the letter w is in itself very difficult. To explain it in some way or other, let us take our word manga and pronounce it up to the n, which, as I think, is not produced with the tip of the tongue, but (because it is before g) only by touching the palate with the base of the tongue, near the throat, keeping the tongue in that position without striking or pronouncing the g. If we strike that position of the tongue with a or with any other vowel, we shall produce the full value of them, But if anyone should not understand the pronunciation, let him disregard it, for this particular sound is of little consequence since this letter is rarely found Preceding a vowel, but always occurs before & and then its Pronunciation is very easy and natural for us, og seen in the word manga, which if we wish to write in Tamil letters will be wo, mm, & Vithout having any other pronunciation but our usual one.

The letter & by itself is called ch, but in writing sometimes serves as s, also sometimes as x, and other times as j, for want of characters which Grandam and Badaga have differentiated completely. Although some pure * peaione do not want to or do not know how to Pronounce it as s or j, ©y Pronounce x not exactly but as mixture of x and » or of ¢ and j. Inssmouch as the four sounds that this letter can have are all natural to us, it presents no difficulty. age gees ly ue to our sound nh in the words unha or . in the mi of a word i + ‘ Ge iA Melero. oe holes coe Bal ing occurs without n vowel}, it will The letter u ig completely for. toat sbeolutely necessary to understand tags Atlee oe but it is the pronunciation of our r, but i i i ie pany gal . it occupies a higher position and is made

PREFACE TO TAMIL—PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY, 1679 133 by striking with the tip of the tongue turned up slightly a spot where the plain and smooth surface of the palate begins. And whenever this letter is found doubled, 1 the force with which it is struck is also double? and it becomes like the sound of our ¢ at the point described above, 80 that if one wants to reproduce these two sounds exactly, he must pronounce naturally our single r and our ¢ and continue to raise the tongue and striking; if he strikes the rough surface extending upward from the teeth, then he will produce the correct sounds of t. and of .+., the first single and the second double.

Tho letter sxr, which we call n of three oyes, is pronounced in the same position as 1, so that above our r we take the « and above our ! the it. So starting on our n and raising the tongue let us pronounce am. If it occurs medially without a consonant, it is always written before i or before another ow.

The letter % corresponds to our f, although sometimes it stands for d, especially when it is single in the middle of a word.

The letter » corresponds to our n, but is used only at the beginning of a word, or when in the middle of the word the n comes before g, in which case this 5 is always used.

The letter u corresponds to our p, protracted, although sometimes it ig pronounced , especially when it occurs alone in the middle of a word.

The letter w corresponds to our m without any difference.

The letter w is our y and is considered a consonant, and rightly so, such as we pronounce in the words Mayo, Maya, and in the Spanisn ya, yd.

The letter 2 (7) is our single r, as in Vara, Vira, etc.

The letter w is our /.

The letter o is our v consonant, as in Vanios, cava, ctc.

The letter ip which we call thick | is pronounced by turning the tongue completely, as far as it can go, and by touching it slightly to the palate; if the tongue does not touch the palate but remains, as it were, in the air, by folding it well and immediately turning it, all the better.

The letter ar which we call curved | is pronounced as J, in the position which we have indicated to use when pronouncing ct. This letter (and the following ones) is never written at the beginning of a word; neither is there any word beginning with this letter or with those which follow.

The letter » corresponds to our double 7, as in torre, morra, etc, If this letter is doubled (pp) it produces a different sound, which we can supply very well with the simple end natural sound of our double t (tt), even though the pure Tamilians give to it a particular inflection, which the Brahmins dispense with ; sleo there is another sound which they produce when this letter occurs after ar 98 erérgy, which the Brahmins pronounce as our double n (nn): Ennu, and so there is ne need to bother about the

Tc—3

special inflection which the pure Tamilians give to these two pronunciations; in the first case they pronounce it as double t, and in the second as double n.

Finally, the letter et corresponds to our n, but it occurs only in the middie or at the end of a word, and in this respect it differs from—.

Here ends the explanation of the simple letters, which when school children name them, they say them as vowels: @, a8 Gna, avana, i as ina, jana, etc., and the consonants are named as ca ana, ch ana pa—ana, etc. Avoiding this method, we may designate than strictly by their sounds alone, eg. a i, 1 i, etc., and the consonants, ca, cha, ta, ma, etc. But we may wish to speak in a more polished manner, like the Brahmins, in which case we might say agdram, dedram, igram, igaram and for the consonants chogaram, tagaram, etc. Similarly with the compounds, eg. Tigdram for the syllable ¢j, pugaram for the syllable pu, etc.

Antao de Proença’s Vocabulario Tamulico Lusitano: Indo-Portuguese Elements

Edgar C. Knowlton, Jr. · Tamil Culture, Vol. XI No. 2 (1964), pp. 135–163

Companion article to Thani Nayagam’s Proença introduction in the same issue. Re-OCR’d from IA leaves 4109–4137. Hyphenation rejoined; obvious English/Portuguese character errors corrected. Tamil headwords and many romanisations remain unreliable in OCR — prefer the scan view for Tamil script.

It is possible to read the Portuguese definitions in this Tamil-Portuguese dictionary by Father Antão de Proença from several stand-points with pleasure and profit. One soon becomes aware of the knowledge possessed by this seventeenth-century priest of Tamilian culture, pronunciation, orthography, grammar, and usage. Use is made by him of Latin for grammatical terms and also for meanings which might offend the modesty of a Portuguese reader. The details of orthography are also interesting, for instance, the consistent placing of the til or tilde over the second vowel, rather than the first, of a nasal diphthong. Likewise, the student's attention may be attracted by details of Indian mythology or of the astronomical terms which are among the special areas of knowledge touched on more than superficially in the vocabulary.

Perhaps most precious is the evidence afforded in the definitions that certain words were known and used by speakers of Portuguese in India. Not every word used in a definition need, it is true, reflect the existence of an exoticism in the vocabulary of overseas Portuguese speakers of the seventeenth century, but in general the likelihood is that the appearance of a word in the Portuguese definition means that the exoticism was known and used by such speakers.

The Tamil letter transliterated ¢ in such dictionaries as the Lexicon (for details see Bibliography which concludes this paper) appears to have required special transliterations so that a Portuguese user of the dictionary would be guided to an understandable pronunciation of words like matsam and matsariam, and so full weight cannot be given such romanisations of Tamil words in Portuguese definitions. Often, though, an exoticism appears in the definition of some entirely different word, and then the assumption is strong indeed that the exoticism is a genuine example of Indo-Portuguese. Other sources of information regarding India’s Portuguese agree with the evidence of this dictionary in many cases.

A preliminary list of exoticisms from the Proença dictionary follows. Portuguese exoticisms are listed in alphabetical order. For each word listed, the following information is supplied: (1) at least one instance of the word, in context, quoted from the definitions of the dictionary; (2) the Tamil word for which the definition was given; (3) an indication of the relevant page in the dictionary. Brief comments with references to relevant listings or discussions of the various exoticisms follow; references are made by shortened title or author in accordance with the listings in the Bibliography with volume and page numbers as necessary.

Preliminary list of exoticisms

  1. ajam “.. ex ajam, ovelha... " (from ajam, sheep). HFSFT HST (60) See Lexicon, I, 28, acam, the Tamil word for “goat” or “sheep.” Note the use of Latin ex.

  2. Ala maram “A rais que o Ala maram lança dos ramos.” (The root which the Ala maram extends from the branches). Bap gs (472) See Lexicon, I, 247, ālam maram, Tamil for “ banyan” and “tree.”

  3. aled “Alea, Elefante femea.” (Alea, female elephant). Gyumder (257) See G.P. Malalasekera, English-Sinhalese Dictionary (Colombo, 1958), 298, under “elephant”, where alah is the first entry. See also C.E. Luard's translation of Travels of Sebastian Manrique (Oxford, 1927), I, 108, for this word, aleas,

  4. Aré See definition of Ziuem (under-Xiuen). ar (45) This is the Tamil word romanised.

  5. aTramanei “ Parte das colheitas, que usipera o aramanei.” (Part of the harvests, used for the palace). Quamrrw (150) See Lexicon, I, 121, for Tamil era-manat, palace ”.

  6. areca “o que ministra areca, e betel.” (the one ministering areca, and betel). SHLUUSET HT (538) See HJ1, 25; HJ2, 35; Webster's 145, areca.” The etymon appears to be Malayalam adekka from adai, “ close arrangement of the cluster” and kay, * nut.”

  7. aruore de pagode “Serta aruore, que tem as folhas como éta, que os gétios adorad e chamad aruore de pagode.”;A certain tree, which has its leaves like (éra?) which the heathen worship, and call pagoda tree”. re (46) See Shorter OED. IT, 1414,*s.v. “ pagoda- ' tree,” a name given to several trees, including the Ficus indica.

  8. Axupati “ Senhor de caualos, titulo honorifico, Axupati.” (Master of horses, honorific title, Axupati). gyaus (62) This is the romanisation of the Tamil word defined, one of those with the Tamil letter c.

  9. Badagas “Huma casta de Badagas, que se prezsd de ser da geracad do burro, e tem por honta scudir pelos burros.” (a caste of Badagas, who take pride in being of the generation of the donkey, and consider it as an honor to help donkeys). sump (303) See also Proença 469, 511. See Dalgado, I, 76, badagas, badegas, derived from Tamil vadagar; HJ1, 34; HJ2, 46 s.v. “ Badega,” Webster's, 202, s.v. “‘ Badaga.”

  10. Baju “Hum modo de gibad, ou corpinho das molheres, que, lhes cobre só os peitos com mangas até o meio do braço, baju.” (a type of jacket, or small bodice of women, which covers only their breasts with sleeves up to the middle of the arm, baju.) Faxysmae (551) See Dalgado, I, 81, baju; Silva Rêgo 116; HJ1, 35; HJ2, 46-47, “ bacjoe, bajoo”; Webster's, 205, “baju.” The word is derived from Malay baju.

  11. Beliguim “ Beliguim, executor, do que mandad os juizes, @ maniagares.” (Beliguim, executor, ordered by the judges, and monegars.) ASueAwarmesr (478) The word defined is close to Tamil viltu-maniyam “ stewardship.” See Lexicon, VI, 3749.

  12. betel “Oo que ministra areca, e betel.” (the one ministering areca and betel.) ALuussrmar (55) See Origins, 46 “betel,” HJ1, 67-68; HJ2, 89-90; Webster's 259. The word may be derived from Malayalam veitila, that is, veru and ila, “ simple or mere leaf,” if not from Tamil vettile!; it is the name of the leaf of the Piper betel. See also Proença, 313, 373, 412, 422, 449.

  13. boy “Qarga de hum boy...” (Load of a boy)., whee (140) See also Proença, 215, 303, 451. HJ1, 83; HJ2, 109-110, give “boy” as coming from Telugu and Malayalam boyi, Tamil bov’, name of the caste of palanquin bearers, for at least some instances of the word.

  14. Bramana “Bramana ruim, publica.” (Low, public Brahmin women.) Pastor sh (51) See Shorter OED, I, 213, s.v. “ Brahmin, Brahman,” derived from Sanskrit, Brakmana. Also HJQ, 111-112. The Masculine plural, brahmanes, appears on p. 101 of Proença.

  15. Bruma “Deus Bruma " (God Brahma). gusat (26) Also in Proença are found Pruméd (37), bruina (158). See Shorter OED, I, 213 for “Brahma,” the name of the God. (See also 78).

  16. cabsya “ Vestido como roupeta, cabaya . . . (Clothing like a gown, cabaya). ei@ (498) See Dalgado, I, 158, cabaia, derived from Arabic cabé. Also HJ1, 105-106; HJ2, 137-188. Tho latter source suggests that the word camo into Portuguese directly from Arabic, and into Malay from either Arabic or Portuguese. It is further stated that the word is not now used in India Proper, unless by the Portuguese,

  17. Caca “ Caca, ou ameijoas marisco.” (Caca, or marine shell.) arasred) (509) See Lexicon, II, 840, kakkdcci, “ cookle,” the Tamil word defined.

  18. “ Cachundei " “Cachundei, huma confeicad, que irasé na boca, freses.” (Cachundei, a confection, which they have at the mouth, freesia.) arsaonten. (3505) The first word of the definition is the romanisation of the Tamil word defined. See Webster's, 371, for ‘ oachundei ” as an English word (a pharmaceutical term), derived from Spanish cachunde. In a citation under “catechu,” etc., HJ2, 173-174, gives a form “ cachoonda.” The etymology offered in HJ2 is that the word is ultimatoly from Kanarese kachu, Tamil kdsu. Webster's 413, 8.v. “catechu,” gives Malay kéchu and Kanarese kdchu as etyma.

  19. Caicol "Caicol, vara de puxar o tone.” (Caicol, pole to push the doney with). @-sQerw (205) See also Proença, 313, where the Tamil word of which this is the Portuguese Tomanisation is defined; see Lexicon, II, 1100, for kai-k-kol, “ staff, walking stick.”

  20. cainho “H. cainho, ou birréto.” (Stingy man, or canbankerous). Mpiwuer (52) H. is an abbreviation of Homem. This word is not, strictly speaking, an exoticism. See Silva Rêgo, 120, where the word is listed as characteristic of older and overseas Portuguese.

  21. Calao “he um calad...” (It is a kalam). uresre (138) See Lexicon, II, 778, for kalam, a mea sure of capacity. This instance gives the word as part of the definition of» another Tamil measure; see maracais and marcas. See also Proença, 426.

  22. camales “ Huma joya, que os camales poem na cabeca em figura de pauad.” (A jeivel, which the camales put on their head in the shape of a peacock). wiGerr (181) There are several words that are possibly relevant. See HJ2, 429-430, “ hummaul,” from Arabic hammal, “ porter"; Webster's, 1352, “kammalan,” from Tamil kanmdlan, “ artificer,” Lexicon II, 761 and 764 for karumakan and Karuman, respectively, “ blacksmith ”; and Lexicon, II, 76, for kanaman, with the same meaning. The connection with Tamil kanmdlan seems more likely.

  23. Cambolym “Manta, ou cobertor de cabelos de cabra, cébolym.” (Blanket, or cover of goat hair, cumbly.) swiGe (283) See also Proencga, 329, can bulim, and

  24. cambolim, This word seems not to be connected with English “ cameline, camboline,” derived from Old French camelin, See HJ2, 279, under “ cumbly, cumly, cummul,” meaning “ blanket,” derived ultimately from Sanskrit kambala. Portuguese cambolim is cited in this work. See also Webster's 643, “cumbly gs with etymon given as Hindustani kamli, To—4

  25. Canaaor “Huma casta de figos compridos, como os de canaaor.” (A type of long figs, like those of Canara.) Qurrgeruuypw (153) This probably is the piace name “Canara”, (HJ1, 117-118; HJ2, 152154), properly kannada, “ black country,” that is, the Dravidian kar, “black,” and nddu, “ country.”

  26. Carambula “Huma fruita, pera caril na figura, como carabu-la gonsali.” (a fruit, curry pear (?) in shape, like the carambola gonsali.) Smswarw (260) See HJ1, 122-123; HJ2, 160, “carambola,” the fruit name derived perhaps from Marathi karanbal, or karambela (ultimately from Sanskrit karmara). See also Webster's 401, s.v. “ carambola.”

  27. Caranes “'H. ou m. que mostrad caranes o rosto oarregado.”’ (Man or:woman that shows a forbidding countenance. Cf. Portuguese cardo, ‘large, ugly face.’’) Qury (153) H. and m. are abbreviations of Homem and molher. This word seems to be identical with the final part of the compound mott-k-kdran (Lexicon, VI, 3884), an expression meaning “man with forbidding countenance, stylish man.” There may be a connection with karana, “the name of one of the (so-called) mixt castes of the Hindus, sprung from a Sudra mother and Vaisya father". See HJ2, 273-274, s.v. “cranny ”.

  28. Caroupule “ Oarcupule.” (Corcopali). SBCauyow (sic) (295/291) See HJ2, 254-255, “‘coroopali,” the name of the fruit, Garcinia indica. A suggested etymon is Malayalam kodukka, the fruit’s name, and puli, “ acid.” Cf. also the reference to Forbes Watson's List of Indian Productions, where the Garcinia cambogia tree is equated with Tamil kurkapuliemaram and Malayalam kurkapulic, The Tamil etymon seems tenable; maram is the Tami! word for “ tree.”

  29. Caril “ Caril com mostarda, ou mostarda feita como uem a mesa,” (Curry with mustard, or mustard prepared as it comes to the table.) usey (208) Dalgado, I, 218, gives caril, “ ourry,” as derived from Konkani, Marathi kadhi, or Malayalam-Tamil kari. See HJ1, 917-219; HJ2, 281-283, s.v. “curry,” where the etymon of Portuguese caril is given as Kanarese kari!.

  30. Cattamaroms “item remar dos cattamaroms.” (also the rowing of catamarans.) QgrGuQuer (404) See HJ, 132-133; HJ2, 173, sv. “catamaran”. Also Webster's, 421, “ catamaran,” derived from Tamil kattumaram, from kattu, “ tie," and maram, “tree.” Also Shorter OED, I, 274.

  31. Champana “Remo grande de Champana.” (Large oar of a eampan.) HoQeorsrwrw (29) See Webster's 2710, sv. “ sampan,” 144 “TAMIL CULTURE where Chinese san‘ pan’ is said to be derived from Portuguese champdo, champana, and the Portuguese probably from Spanish champdn, perhaps of Chibshan or Chocoan origin. See also HJ1, 140, s.v. “champana,” and HJ2,

  32. s.v. “sampan”; and Dalgado, I, 254-255, Where Malay sampan and/or Chinese san’ pan* appear as probable etyma.

  33. Chattim “H. casta chattim.” (a man of the chetty caste.) udAwer Quod. Qerap_y. (487) See allso Proença, 457, chatim. See HJ2,

  34. “chetty,” defined as “a member of any of the trading castes in South India,” and derived from Tamil sheftt. See Lexicon, ITI, 1583, cett, “ vaisya or mercantile class.” See Webster's

  35. “chetty,” where Malayalam ceffi is also given.

  36. Chiado “Trauesso, chiado.” (Mischievous, astute). Qsrmssr (404) See Dalgado, I, 272, cheado, “ astute, etc.,” derived from Konkani chydd and ultimately Sanskrit chadmin. See also Silva Rêgo, 121, chado, “from Malay chadek,” with similar meanings, and Schuchardt, 67, cliado, attested likewise in Ceylon Portuguese,

  37. Chingala “H. chingala.” (Sinhalese man). Awasrsust (79) This means Sinhalese, and, according to HJ1, 635-636 and HJ2, 838-839, is derived from Sinhala, “Dwelling of Lions", the name used by the nativef of Ceylon for their island.

  38. Cornaca “ Cornaca.” (Cornac). wraysser (148) See HJ1, 197-98, HJ2, 256, “ cornac,” meaning “elephant keeper,” derived from Sinhalese kirawandyaka, “ chies of the elephant stud.”

  39. Cris “ Brigar de Cris.” (To fight with a cris). Qagangi (100) See HJ1, 212-213, HJ2, 274-275, s.v. " crease, crise,” and Webster's 623, s.v. “ oreese,” derived from Malay kris.

  40. Crixané “ Huma aruore, em que dizem, que subio Crixané.” (A tree, on which they say Krishna climbed). yore (270) See Shorier OED, I, 1094, for Krishna, _ “great deity of later Hinduism, worshipped as an incarnation of Vishnu.”

  41. Cumrim “ Donzela, item o cabo de cumrim.” (Virgin, also Cape Comorin.) Gu (358) See Lexicon, IT, 1003, for Tamil Aumari, “virgin, maid; Cape Comorin,” and HJ1, 184; HJ2, 238-239, s.v. “ Comorin, Cape.”

  42. Curumi “ Huma casta e Bramanes que tem o curumi diante.” (A caste of Brahmins which has the tuft of hair in front.) Qeripur (526) See Lexicon. III, 1676, For Tamil kutumi, “ tuft of hair.”

  43. dureis “Hum ocambolim grosso, tapado como taboa, de que uzad os dureis.” {A Large cumbly, coverd like a board, used by the durais). SHsgHisswode (410) See Lexicon, IV, 1985, for Tamil turat, “ cheif, gentleman.” Also HJ1, 103, HJ2, 325, s.v. “doray, durai,” defined as South Indian equivalent of Sdhid, with Telugu dora and Tamil tura; suggested as possible etyma. The Portuguese word, durais, is a plural from in Proença.

  44. Fanad “Fanad, ou moeda cd falha,” (Fanam, or coin with crack.) BoarGaur@ (112) ‘ Proença 148, gives the plural Sanoens;

  45. fanam; and 495, fanad again. See Dalgado, I, 386, with derivation suggested from Tamil-Malayalam panam, “money,” and ultimately from Sanskrit pan. See also HJ1, 265; HJ2, 348-349, s.v. “fanam” from Malayalam and Tamil panam, and ultimately from Sanskrit pana. Also Webster's 916, “fanam " where the suggestion is made that the English word came from Tamil Probably through Arabic.

  46. fula “As folhas de fula de figueira..." (The leave of the fig tree flower.) ure (141) See Silva Rêgo, 127, for fula, a Tegional Portuguese variant of folha, “ leaf,” defined by Silva Rêgo as “flower and leaf” in the Portuguese of Malacca. See also under padmam. \

  47. gajam “..ex ajam, oue)ha, and gajam, elefante..." (from ajam, sheep, and gajam, elephant). sree srw (60) This word is the romanisation of the Indian word for elephant. See the Rev. T. Graven: The Royal Dictionary in Two Paris English and Hindustani and Hindustani and English. (Lucknow, 1829), p. 157, s.v. gaj, “ elephant.” Also Malay gajah, “ elephant.”

  48. Guru “FH, douto, item Guru.” (Learned man, also guru). gyererfiuer (64) See also Proença, 222, See HJ1, 296; HJ2, 387, s.v. “gooroco”; Webster's

  49. “guru,” from Hindustani guru, Sanskrit guru, “teacher, venerrable one”; Shorter OED I, 813, “ gooroo” or “guru.” H. is for Homem.

  50. Hari “ Hari, nome de Visnu...” (Hari, name of Vishnu.) ofl (47) This romanisation of the god's name is interesting for the presence of the purely orthographic }-.

  51. jogues “Huma seita de jogues, que andad totalméete nis.” (A sect of yogis, who go about completely naked.) Pgiurer Senay (191) See HJ2, 461-464, s.v. “ jogee”; Origins, 321; Subba Rao, 118; Webster's 2974, “ yogi,” from Hindustani yogi, derived from Sanskrit Yogin, “ follower of yoga.” See Proença, 508, also. Jogues is a plural form in Portuguese.

  52. leohois See definition under mainato. Lechois is a plural corresponding to Tamil leteam, (See Lexicon, vi, 3441, and also 3438, lakgam, “ lakh.”) See HJ2, 500-501 s.v. “lack,” dofined as “one hundred thousand,” but used for “ ten thousand.”

  53. maganes “Certa medida; cota 5 maganes. ou 5 e. meyo..." (A certain measure, they count five magdnes, or 5 and one half.) ursenre (188) Maganes is a Portuguese plural form derived from Tamil mdkdni, a measure (Lexicon, V, 3143.)

  54. magarsa “Huma erua, que nace entre as searas, as fas crecer, vulgd, magarsa.” (An herb, which is born among .the grain fields, it causes them to grow, vulgarly, magarsa.) undAuy@ (213) See Lexicon, LV, 2529, for the Tamil palli-p-pitu, “a flowering parasitic . plant.” z

  55. mainato “cé vezes, cé mil, cem lechois. item pano nouo, que a inda nad foi ao mainato...” (One hundred times, a hundred thousands, « hundred lakhs. also new cloth, which has not yet gone to the washerman.) @ery (361) See HJ1, 410; HJ2, 538, s.v. “ mainato,”’ derived from Tamil-Malayalam maindtta, “washerman,” and Silva Rêgo 130.

  56. Manga “ Manga, fruita."” (Mango-fruit.) wruoupw (146) See Dalgado, II, 27 s.v. manga, the fruit name, derived ultimately from Tamil mdnkdy. See also HJ1, 423-424; HJ2, 558-555; Webster's, 1495; Origins,

  57. s.v. “mango.” HJ2 derives Portuguese manga from Malay manga, and the Malay term from Tamil.

  58. Mangueira “ Mangueira, aruore.” (Mango tree.) urorn (146) . See Manga, the fruit name.

  59. maniagares See under Beliguim for definition. Dalgado, II, 32, has maniagar, “ chefe de aldeia,” derived from Tamil manykkdran (sic). See also HJ2, 576-577, s.v. “monegar,” derived from Tamil maniyakkaran, “overseer,” maniyan, ** superintendence.”

  60. maracais “ Medida, que contem 2 maracais.” (Measure containing two marcals.) ugs@ (209) See Proença 277; also marcas, 336, and marcas, 412. Dalgado, II, 50, gives mercar, derived from Tamil marakkdl; II, 572, marca. See also HJ1, 434; HJ2, 567, s.v. “mercall, marcal”; Webster's 1537, “ meroal.” Maracais is a plural form, as are marcas and marcas, treated analagously to other Portuguese nouns ending in -/ in the singular.

  61. Marraua Marraue, casta.” (Maravar, caste.) wpaer (140) This is the caste name, Maravars in English, as given on page 583 of V. Visvanatha Pillai’s A Tamil-English Dictionary (Madras 7th edition, 1963.)

  62. matsam “ Sinal no corpo, item o ouro, 4 serve de forma de quitales, item peixe, tunc gr. se debet pernunciare mateam.” (Sign on the body, also the gold whioh serves as a sort of hundredweight, also fish, which is to be pronunoed matsam.) TO§ weep (128) The romanisation of this word is given primarily to help the Portuguese consulter of the dictionary with the pronunciation of the medial consonants.

  63. Matsariam “Matsariam, odio.” (Matsariam, hatred.) wrsefhww (144) The romanisation of this word for “hatred” is primarily to help the Portuguese consulter in pronunciation, as in the case of “ matsam.”

  64. Merei (?), perhaps Meru. “Meraf, oasta de ueado.” (Mere (?), type of stag.) wmy (139) This word may be a representation of marait, Tamil word for “Indian elk.” (Lexicon, VI, 3097).

  65. Mordexim “Mordexim.” (cholera.) Sruur® (195) See HJ1, 449-452; HJ2, 586, 589, for “moat-de-chien,” derived from Portuguese mordexim, which comes from Konkani-Mahrati modach/, modshi or modwashi, “ cholera.”

  66. Mungo “Mungo, legume.” (Moongo, legume.) Gurmg (153) See HJ2, 580, “ moong, moongo,” derivei dom Hindustani mung, “ greengram." Also Lexicon, VI, 3315, for the Tamil word mynku, “ green-gram, ohick

  67. Murunga “ Murunga, aruore.” (Murunga, tree.) Cpeemmae (163) The fruit of the-same name is given _ by Ptoerca, 164, .The Portuguese romanisation follows closely Tamil murunkat, “ horseradish tree,” (Lexicon, VI, 3980). Sée slso Shorter OED, I,

  68. “ moringa,” meaning “‘ the ben-nut tree,” and Webster's, 1594, “ moringa,” given as a New Latin word from Tamil murungai or Sinhalese murungd.

  69. mutrar “ Oeslo-mutra... mutrar, ifem sinete, aliquando virginale cloustum.” (Sealmutra ... mutrar, also signet, sometimes an enclosure of virgins (?) wsies (167) Ses V. Visvanatha Pillaiis A TamilEnglish Dictionary (Madras, 7th edition, 1068), p. 604, for the Tamil word for “geal, signet” reflected in the Portuguese forms mura and mutrar.

  70. nachinim, 6 sattiemanga. “Hum genero de milho nachinim, 6 sattiemanga. a6 he palaura desonesta, 8 assi a esta chamao wré” (A type of grain nachinim, in Sattiemanga (?) It is (not ?) and indecent word, and so they oall the latter raggy.) Qsu@u (315) The word defined is Tami] képpai _ (Lexicon, II, 1094) and the Tamil word inserted in the definition is rag’. For ragi, see HJ2, 753, “ raggy,” Webster's

  71. -““raggee.” The first exoticism corresponds to Tamil naccipi, +" ragi,” (Lexicon, IV, 2129.)

  72. Nele’ “Nele mal pilado.” (I11 pounded ney) yasse (162) This wotd; also spelled nelle and nela, is frequerit in Proença; 230, 257, 258,

  73. 273, 298, 294, 300, 309, 310, 327,

  74. 346, 370, 413, 421, 458, 521. See Dalgado, II, 104, who derives it from Dravidian nel, nella; HJ1, 477; HJ2,

  75. “nelly, nele,” with derivation from Malayalam nel, “rice in the husk” (Telugu and Tamil nelli, “ rice-like ”).

  76. Nibacti “Nibacti, sertesa.” (Nibacti, cer tainty.) Bush (186) This is the romanisation of the Tamil word, meaning “ certainty.”

  77. niley “ Huma taboa q fica entre o niley de sima.” (A board which stays within the top door frame.) @fwuuwme (558) The Tamil etymon of niley is nilai, “door frame,” (Lexicon, IV, 2229).

  78. ola “Hum modo de capello, ou de palha, ou ola, ou can bulim, que pod na cabeca por amor da chuua.” (A type of hat, either of straw, or ollah, or cumbly, which they put on the head for the sake of the rain.) Gersisesfi (329) See HJ1, 485; HJ2, 636, “ ollah,” derived from Tamil dla’, Malayalam dla, “a palm-leaf.” See also Webster's, 1699, “olla,” from Malayalam dla.

  79. Padmam “Padmam, fula de tanque.” (Padmam, pond flower). wsww (210) This is the romanisation of Tamil padmam, “ \otus,” (Lexicon, IV, 2467). See also fula, illustrated in the definition.

  80. pagode ““pezo de hum pagode, ou S. thome.” {coin of one pagoda, or San Tome.) a6 Arreefer. (112) This is an instance of pagode, “ coin,” similar to the one quoted in HJ1, 501; HJ2, 637: “I think well to order and — decree that the pagodes which come from without shall not be current unless they be of forty and three points (assay ?) conformable to the first issue, which is called of Agra, and which is of the same value as that of the San Tomes, which were issued in its likeness.” (From Edict of the King, in Archiv. Port. Orient. iii, 782, dated 1597, as given in HJl, and HJ2) See under xatroens, for a use of pogode, in another meaning. See Webster's, 1753, s. v, “ pagoda" for derivation of Portuguese pagode from Tamil pagavadi, from Sanskrit bhagavdt;, “deity, goddess.” For “San Thome,” see Webster's, 2214, where it is defined as “the gold coin of Portuguese India...." ‘Note that the equation of pagode with San Thome ocours in Proença as well as in the quotation cited from HJ1 and HJ2.

  81. Palastry “Pelastri, M. Publica.” (Palastri, public woman.) uemsp (212) The Portuguese word is the romanisation of the Tamil word defined; M. is the abbreviation of Molher, “ woman.”

  82. paloens “Premio, item peso. 200 huma arroba, seis paloens huma fatel, na costa.” (Prize, also weight. 200=one arroba, six palams=one rotel, on the sian uw (212) This is s plural form of palam, the 154 TAMIL CULTURG Tamil word for a weight. (Lexicon, IV, 2534.) See Webster's, 1910, “ pollam,” with derivation from Tamil palam, from Sanskrit pala. See also Proença, 426.

  83. paniara “ Hum modo de paniara.” (A type of cake.) guuce (203) This may represent Tamil paniydram, “cakes, pastry.” (Lexicon, IV, 2460). The word defined may be connected with Tamil appam, “cake”’ (Lexicon, _ I, 85.)

  84. Pao angelim “Pao angelim.” (Anjely wood.) gue (66) This is Portuguese for “ anjeylwood derived in HJ1, 21; HJ2, 30, from Tamil anjili-maram or anjali-maram, described as ‘“‘ wood of great value on the western coast. Maram is Tamil for “ wood,” See also Wesbster’s 101, “ angili wood,” from Tamil énjili. -

  85. pao da China “Huma mesinha como pao da china...” (A small board like Chinawood.) wrTams (46) This is “china-wood" or china-root" (HJ1, 153, 419; HJ2, 199), known in Portuguese as raiz de China or pao de; China, aecording to the OED, II, 351,

  86. Parangui “Assi chamad a os Portuguezes.” Thus they call the Portuguese). upmd (225) See HJ1, 269-270; HJ2, 352-354, “ Firinghee,” especially the statement: “In South India the Tamil P'arangi, the Singhalese Parangi, mean only ‘ Portuguese’”, This is not really an example of a Portuguese word used in a definition, but this evidence that the term was used of them is of interest. The Tamil word defined is Parangi.

  87. Parauds “A casta dos Parauds.” (The caste of the Paravars.) up (219) See Proença, 221,. paraud, and paraud, See Lexicon, IV, 2503, where paravar is defined as “ fisherman.”

  88. Paris “Certa medida contem 4 paris.” (A certain measure contains four parahs. Squrpastn (395) Bee also Proença, 441. See HJ1, 35-36; HJ2, 47-48, s.v. “ bahar,” with connection suggested with Arabic bahar, Malayalam bhdram, from Sanskrit Bhara. See also Webster's 1771, sv. “ parah, para, parrah,” derived from Malayalam para, “drum,” & measure. Portuguese paris is o plural form.

  89. patola “FHumas fruitas compridas, como cobras pera cosinharp, atola (sic) ” “Some long fruits, like snakes, for cooking, gourd) yieoperw (272) This is an instance of “ patola,” in the meaning of “type of gourd.” There is another “patola,” (see HJ2, 686, “patola ”) meaning “a silk-cloth,” and derived from Kenarese and Malayalam pattuda, “a silk-cloth.” Sohuchardt, 57, refers to Sanskrit paola and Malay petola, as the mame of a gourd. He refers to Rumphius, V, 405, for the connection between the plant and the cloth. His statement about the use of petola by the Portuguese in reference to the plant is interesting: ‘ Die Portugiesen gebrauchten auch in Vorderindien petola von der Pflanze, doch bieten es in dieser Bedeutung die Wortericher nicht.” See also Webster's 1792, where “ patola” as gourd name is derived from Tagalog. It seems likely that “ patola”’ of the Philippines ultimately may be connected with Into-Portuguese patolu.

  90. Pinga “ Pinga de a carretar, (Pinga for carrying loads.) ereuy. (311) See also Proença. 311, 374. Seo C. E. Luard’s translation of Travels of Sebastian Manrique (Oxford, 1927), II,

  91. for discussion of pinga as possibly being a variant of Indian bahangi (bangy). There is a Filipinism, pingga, “ carrying pole,” attributed by E. Arsenio Mannuel, Chinese Elemenis in the Tagalog Language (Manila, 1948), 44, to Hokkien pin tan, cognate with Mandarin piens tan' and Cantonese pin téam. Dalgado, II, 214, gives pinga with Malay pungah a8 possible etymon; for pungah, we should perhaps substitute Malay punggah, “taking up a thing and setting it down elsewhere.” Both Purtuguese and Spanish pinga have been referred to the family of words represented by a Latin pendicare, etc., with the basic meaning of “to hang.” Perhaps pinga, like patola, is a Filipinism connected with IndoPortuguese, but the specific etymon is still doubtful. A connection with pendicare may provide the solution.

  92. Pradama “ Pradama: cousa primeira, principal.” (Pradama: first, main thing.) Gmgsw (249) This word is the romanisation of the Tamil one defined, piratama, “ beginning.” See Lexicon, V, 2674: piratamam.

  93. Rajo “H. de casta chatim que he a treceira casta em dignidade, a primeira bramane, a seguda Rajo.” (Man of the chetty caste which is the third caste in dignity the first being Brahmin, the second Rajo.) ouswer (457) This is Tamil raju, “A Telugu caste who, being ksatriyas style themselves Radzu.” (Lexicon, VI, 3427.)

  94. ratel See under paloens. See HJ1, 582; HJ2, 770, “rottle, rattel,”’ derived from Arabic ratl or ritl, the Arabian pound, Portuguese arratel. See also Websters, 2172, “rot!”; OED, VIII,

  95. ‘‘ rotel,” otc.

  96. saniazes “Instituto, item lugar, em ‘que morad saniazes,” (Institute, also place, in which sannyasis live.) BFF MwLo (64) See also Proença, 141. This word is plural as given here, from Tamil" canniydci, “one who has abandoned or renounced worldly affairs, religious mendicant.” (Lexicon, III, 1346) See also HJ2, 871-872, ‘‘sunyasee,” from Sanskrit sannydsi, literally, “one who resigns,” and Webster's, 2214, “ sannyasi,” etc. derived from Hindi sannydsi, from Sanskrit Samnydsin, “ abandoning.”

  97. Sura “Sura,” (Sura.) TO=6 Gori (128) See also Proença, 130, 143, 366. This is the “ vinous liquor” of HJ1, 663-664; HJ2, 874, derived from Sanskrit sura. See Webster's, 2586, s,v. “ sura,” derived from Sanskrit surd.

  98. tale “Pano, que dad os maridos as molheres quando the amarrad o tale, item absolute pano.” (Cloth, which husbands give wives when they fasten the talee on them, also absolutely cloth.) & mp (848) See Dalgado, II, 348, tale, derived by him from Tamil-Malayalam /dli. See HJ1, 678: HJ2, 891-899, s.v. “ talee,” defined as “A small trinket of gold which is fastened by a string round the neck of a married woman in S. India. Possibly connected with Arabic tahlil... the origin of Spanish fali, a “ baldrick "' or “bride's betrothal band.” See Webster's II, 2572, “tali," with etymology given as Kanarese and Tamil /dli. Perhaps there should be mentioned also Malay iali, “rope, cord, string, line.” It would not be impossible for the trinket to be confused with the string to which it is attached.

  99. Tamul “a lingoa, Tamul.” (The language, Tamil.) sp, spp (373) This is the Portugese form of the name of the Tamil language. On the same Page is an entry for the Tamil man “A. (homem) Tamul.”

    • Tanjaor “a moeda que corre no Reyno de Tanjaor.” (the coin which is used in the kingdom of Tanjore.) gaaru (495) For the place name, “Tanjore,” ee HJ1, 683; HJ2, 898.

  101. Tayro " Tayro” (tyre). gir (370) The Portuguese word is based on the Tami) word defined: “curds; tyre,” (Lexicon, II, 1759). See also OED, xl;

  102. “tyre, tyer,” derived from Tamil tayir, “ .,.ourdled milk and cream bezinning to sour.” See also Webster's 2588, “tayir, tayer, tyre,” and HJ2, 950, s.v. “tyre,” were Tamil and Malayalam layir are given as origin.

  103. tindilim “uma aruoresinha, que da hums fruita, q na india chamad tindilim.” (A smal) tree, which gives a fruit, which in India they call tindilim.) Qsraima (354) The Tamil plant is the Cephalandra indica; the word defined is the kéwvat or kovvai (Lexicon, III, 1199 and 1159.) See G. Watt, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India (Calcutta, 1889), II, 252, for such terms for the plant as tendli, tondali in Marathi, fendli and tenduli in Bombay. See definition under Caicol.

  104. tone Tone corresponds to “ doney, dhoney ™ HJ2, 323, defined as “a small native vessel,” and derived from Tamil ton/.

  105. Topas “Topas interprete homé que sabe falar duas linguas.” (Topas, interpreter, man who knows how to speak two languages.) gGuurnp (84) See Dalgado, I, 371, dubaz, derived from Marathi-Konkani dubhazhi; Soares, 346-349, who mentions Tamil tuppasi, and describes the word as an early Portuguese corruption through Malayalam tépish! of Indian dubhdsht (Sanskrit dvibhisii, “one with two languages.”) See also HJ1, 711-712; HJ2, 933-934, s.v. “topax, topass.” Also Webster's,

  106. “topass,” from Portuguese topaz, “of obscure origin.”

  107. urraca “Vinho, comprehéde urraca, sura, e outros semelhantes, donde nad sdmente incduenientemente, mas impropriamente se aplica este nome a o uinho de missas.” (Wine, it comprises arrack, sura, and other similar ones, whence not only unsuitably, but improperly this name is applied to the wine for the mass.) wg (160); See also sura. Urraca is a spelling given among others: araca, arraca, orraca, by Dalgado, I, 49. He derives the word from Arabic. See also HJ1, 26-27; HJ2, 36-37, sv. “arrack'’ or ‘‘ rack," with similar derivation from Arabic ‘arak, “ perspiration.” See Webster's,

  108. “arrack,” from Arabic ‘arag.'

  109. Visnaga “o Reyno de Visnaga.” (The King- dom of Bisnagar.) serarw (479) See HJ1, 78; HJ2, 97, s.v. “ Bisnagar,”’ eto., for this place name.

  110. Visnu “Hari, nome de Visnu... ” (Hari, name of Vishnu.) See Shorter OED, 2363, for this name of Vishnu, “a principal Hindu deity; the name comes from Sanskrit and means ‘all-pervader' or ‘ worker.’ ”

  111. Xareta “ Xareta, a metade do coco uazio.” (Xareta, half of the empty coconut.) . Apie@ (529) This word is from Tamil ciratta’ (Lexicon, III, 1454) or ciratta’ (Lexicon, ITT, 1426) meaning “coconut shell; the hard shell of the coconut.” See also Dalgado, I, 264, with spellings charéfa, cheréta, chiréia, defined as “ casca dura do coco,” with derivation from Tamil-Malayalam *hiratta.

  112. xatroens “Casa apartada para cosinha, nos pagodes, e xatroens.” (House set apart for cooking in the pagodas and resthouses.) wi_uuerafl (142) This is Tamil cattiram, “ choultry, resthouse” (Lexicon, III, 1252) See also HJ1, 163; HJ2, 211-212, s.v. “ choultry,’, which is described as “of doubtful etymology,” but with mention made of Malayalam chawdti and Telugu chdwad?. Webster's 477, derives “ choultry ” from Marathi cdvdi. For the Portuguese plural form 2atroeus, Tamil catfiram seems closer than the others; the Portuguese singular form would be zairdo. Note that here pagodes has the meaning of “ temples.’

  113. Xiuen “ Xiuen.” (Siva) sisar (45) See also Proença 45, Ziuem: 47, Xtuan. See Shorter OED, II, 1904, for reference to Siva," the “third deity of the Hindu triad,” derived from Sanskrit, Siva, “ the auspicious one.”

  114. Xutrea “Apud Xutres significa as partes secretas, modesté (Among the Sudras it means the private parts, modestly) Goren (22) See Shorter OED, IJ, 2070, s.v. “Sudra” meaning “a member of the lowest of the four great Hindu castes.” See also Webster's 2519 with derivation from Sanskrit Sudru. See also Proença, 101.

  115. yattiam “Huma bebida de eruas amargozas no sacfifficig yattiam.” (A drink of bitter herbs at the yattiam sacrifice). Qeruurearo (363) The word defined is Tamil céma-pdnam, “drinking of the Soma beverage at the Sdma sacrifice.” (Lexicon III, 672). There may be a connection with “ yati,” meaning “an ascetic, devotee,” derived from Sanskrit (Webster's 2967), or with Tamil ydttirai, “festival, dance.’ (Lexicon, VI, 3399),

  116. Yucti “ Yucti, engého, conserto, item rezaé, que se d&.” (Yucti, plan, agreement, also reason, which is given). wy eH (121) This is a romanisation of Tamil yukti (Lexicon, VI, 3408) or yutti (Lexicon, VI, 3409), meaning “ plan, artifice,” etc.

Bibliography

  • Dalgado — S. R. Dalgado, Glossário Luso-Asiático (Coimbra, 1919, 1921), 2 vols.
  • HJ1 — Colonel Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms; Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive (London, 1886).
  • HJ2 — Colonel Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases…, new ed. edited by William Crooke (London, 1903).
  • Lexicon — Tamil Lexicon, in 6 volumes and 1 supplement (University of Madras, 1936 and 1939).
  • OED — Oxford English Dictionary.
  • Origins — Eric Partridge, Origins, A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English (London, 1958).
  • Schuchardt — Hugo Schuchardt, “Über das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu,” Kreolische Studien, IX, in the Sitzungsberichte der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Classe, XII (Vienna, 1891).
  • Shorter OED — The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, prepared by William Little, H. W. Fowler, J. Coulson; revised and edited by C. T. Onions (Oxford, 2nd edition, 1939 reprint), 2 vols.
  • Silva Rêgo — Dr. Padre António da Silva Rêgo, Dialecto português de Malaca (Lisbon, 1942).
  • Soares — Anthony Xavier Soares, Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages (Baroda, 1936), a translation from S. R. Dalgado’s Influência do vocabulário português em línguas asiáticas (Coimbra, 1913).
  • Subba Rao — G. Subba Rao, Indian Words in English (Oxford, 1954).
  • Webster’s — Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language (London / Springfield, Massachusetts, 1936, 2nd edition), 2 vols.